Bananas and cocaine: Two global industries collide in Ecuador, and bloodshed ensues
GUAYAQUIL, Ecuador — Men walk through a lush plantation between Ecuador ’s balmy Pacific coast and its majestic Andes, lopping hundreds of bunches of green bananas from groaning plants twice their height.
Workers haul the bunches to an assembly line, where the bananas are washed, weighed and plastered with stickers for European buyers. Owner Franklin Torres is monitoring all activity on a recent morning to make sure the fruit meets international beauty standards — and ever more important, is packed for shipment free of cocaine.
Torres is hyper-vigilant because Ecuador is increasingly at the confluence of two global trades: bananas and cocaine.
The South American country is the world’s largest exporter of bananas, shipping about 7.2 million tons a year by sea. It is also wedged between the world’s largest cocaine producers, Peru and Colombia, and drug traffickers find containers filled with bananas the perfect vehicle to smuggle their product.
Drug traffickers’ infiltration of the industry, which is responsible for about 30% of the world’s bananas, has contributed to unprecedented violence across this once-peaceful nation. Shootings, homicides, kidnappings and extortions have become part of daily life, particularly in the Pacific port city and banana-shipping hub of Guayaquil.
“This is everyone’s responsibility: the person who transports it, the person who buys it, the person who consumes it,” vendor Dalia Chang, 59, a lifelong resident of Guayaquil, said of the cocaine trade. “They all share responsibility. They have ruined our country.”
Ecuador held special election for a new president amid unprecedented violence, including the assassination of a candidate this month. A runoff appears likely.
The country, which is not a major cocaine producer, was especially rattled when Fernando Villavicencio, a presidential candidate known for his tough stance on organized crime and corruption, was fatally shot at the end of a campaign rally Aug. 9. He had accused the Ecuadorean Los Choneros gang and its imprisoned leader, whom he linked to Mexico’s Sinaloa cartel, of threatening him and his campaign team days before the assassination.
In addition to its proximity to cocaine production, cartels from Mexico, Colombia and the Balkans have settled in Ecuador because it uses the U.S. dollar and has weak laws and institutions, along with a network of long-established gangs like Los Choneros that are eager for work.
Authorities say Ecuador also gained prominence in the global cocaine trade after political changes in Colombia in the last decade. Coca bush fields in Colombia have been moving closer to the border with Ecuador because of the breakup of criminal groups after the 2016 demobilization of the rebel group Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, better-known by its Spanish acronym, FARC.
A record 2,540 tons of cocaine was manufactured in 2021 around the world, mostly in Colombia, Peru and Bolivia. That year, nearly a third of the cocaine seized by customs authorities in Western and Central Europe came from Ecuador, double the amount reported in 2018, according to a United Nations report citing data from the World Customs Organization. Large drug busts have become more frequent, and within the last month, European authorities have made record-setting busts after inspecting containers carrying bananas from Ecuador.
President Gustavo Petro, Colombia’s first leftist president, has denounced the war on drugs and vowed a new strategy.
On Aug. 25, authorities announced Spain’s biggest cocaine haul yet: 10½ tons hidden among cardboard boxes of bananas from Ecuador in a refrigerated container. Dutch officials also made their country’s largest-ever cocaine seizure last month — nearly nine tons — in a container of Ecuadorean bananas. Authorities in Greece and Italy also announced seizures of cocaine hidden in Ecuadorean bananas this year.
Bananas headed to Europe are boxed at plantations, loaded into trucks that take them to massive warehouses in and around Guayaquil and transferred to maritime containers driven to an area port.
Then the ships head northeast to the Panama Canal, cross to the Caribbean Sea and go east across the Atlantic.
Knowingly or not, banana growers, exporters, shipping corporations, port operators, private security companies, customs agents, agriculture officials, police and buyers offer opportunities that drug traffickers have exploited.
Cocaine is spreading at an alarming rate through Europe, much of it through the world ports of Antwerp in Belgium and Rotterdam in the Netherlands.
Some traffickers have created front companies to mimic legitimate banana exporters, while others have acquired legitimate businesses, including plantations. They have found companies willing to be complicit in trafficking. They also have paid off, threatened or kidnapped truck drivers and other workers to help get cocaine into shipments.
Other traffickers have corrupted or intimidated police, customs agents, security guards and port workers to assist with — or ignore — tampering with containers at the ports.
Drug trafficking has contributed to the number of violent deaths in Ecuador, which doubled from 2021 to 2022, when 4,600 died, the most ever recorded in a year. The country is on track to break the annual record again, with 3,568 violent deaths tallied in the first half of 2023.
In Guayaquil, where maritime shipping containers are part of the landscape, people live in fear these days. Pedestrians don’t dare take their phones out of their pockets. Convenience stores have floor-to-ceiling metal bars that prevent customers from entering from the sidewalk. Restaurants that survived the COVID-19 pandemic close early.
The Ecuadorean presidential candidate who was fatally shot at a political rally was unafraid to take on criminal networks and a political elite he accused of corruption.
Along with the rise in homicides, the amount of cocaine seized at the country’s ports has increased, too, reaching 85.3 tons last year. That is more than three times the amount seized in 2020.
National Police Gen. Pablo Ramírez, Ecuador’s national director of anti-drug investigations, attributed the change to increased smuggling, not better enforcement.
Police data also show that of last year’s total, a record 52.4 tons of cocaine was found in shipments of bananas, even though the fruit’s exports dropped 6.4% compared with 2021.
No more than 30% of containers are currently inspected at Ecuadorean ports, a process done manually or with drug-sniffing dogs. President Guillermo Lasso’s government says it wants to use scanners on entire containers. Twelve of those machines were supposed to be operating already, but Ramírez said that has not happened yet.
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Ramírez said he expects all ports to have operational scanners by mid-2024. He said two ports have tested the scanners to smooth out internal procedures and train the people who will be working with the machines.
Jose Hidalgo, executive director of the Assn. of Banana Exporters of Ecuador, said the industry faces greater exposure to trafficking than other commodity exports because of the volume of containers that it uses.
“It is because of bananas that there are so many ports,” Hidalgo said. “It opens routes to other export products.”
He said exporters spend about $100 million annually on security measures, which include surveillance cameras at plantations, GPS monitoring of trucks and the identification of land routes that require police patrols to keep criminals away.
The president disbanded the National Assembly to avoid impeachment. The move bodes ill for the country’s democracy and could return Rafael Correa to power.
Nonetheless, some exporters have been accused of being complicit or directly involved in trafficking cocaine.
Torres, the plantation owner, would like to see that type of exporter kicked out of the industry. But there is no regulation that can be used to revoke a company’s banana-exporting permission when the business is tied repeatedly to drug trafficking.
“It bothers me so much,” Torres said. “My people work with bananas; they don’t work with drugs. It’s a flagship product, the best in the world, and to see it tainted like that is unfortunate.”
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