What is a wealth tax, and how would it work?

President Biden promotes his "Build Back Better" agenda in an appearance Monday in Kearny, N.J.

By JOSH BOAK

Associated Press

Oct. 27, 2021 9:26 AM PT

To help pay for his big economic and social agenda, President Biden is looking to go where the big money is: billionaires.

Biden never endorsed an outright “wealth tax” when he campaigned for the White House last year. But his more conventional proposed tax rate increases on the incomes of large corporations and the wealthiest Americans have hit a roadblock.

That leaves a special tax on the assets, not the income, of billionaires being proposed by a Senate Democrat as a possible way to help pay for childcare, universal prekindergarten, child tax credits, family leave and environmental initiatives.

Biden has pledged that his programs will not add a penny to the deficit, which means selling to Congress and voters a tax on the wealthiest .0005% of Americans. Some details on the proposed billionaires tax:

How would it work?

Essentially, billionaires earn the bulk of their money off their wealth. This might be from the stock market. It could include proceeds from the sales of beachfront mansions or rare art and antiquities. Even a triceratops skeleton.

This new tax would apply solely to people with at least $1 billion in assets or $100 million in income for three straight years. These standards mean that just 700 taxpayers, from a total U.S. population of almost 330 million, would face the additional tax on increases to their wealth, according to a description obtained by the Associated Press of the proposal of by the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, Sen. Ron Wyden (D-Ore.).

On tradeable items such as stocks, billionaires would still pay a tax even if they held on to the asset. They would be taxed on any increases in value and take deductions on losses. Under current law, those assets get taxed only when they are sold.

Billionaires would also face an additional tax on nontradeable assets such as real estate and business interests once those assets are sold. During the first year of the proposed tax, the billionaires would also owe taxes on any built-in gains that predate the tax.

How much money would it raise?

House Speaker Nancy Pelosi (D-San Francisco) estimated on CNN on Sunday that the tax would raise $200 billion to $250 billion. This is a meaningful sum, but it’s well shy of the nearly $2 trillion in proposed additional infrastructure spending over 10 years being negotiated right now. This means that additional levies such as the global minimum tax and increased enforcement dollars for the Internal Revenue Service would still be needed to help close the gap.

And the forecasts for revenue from the wealth tax are highly debatable.

“It’s just impossible to implement,” said Allison Schrager, a senior fellow at the conservative Manhattan Institute. “There’s a lot of evidence that these things don’t work, and I’ve never heard an explanation of how this could be workable.”

Why would Biden go this route?

The president would rather raise corporate tax rates and rates on wealthy individuals. That was his initial proposal, but he’s got to appease Sens. Joe Manchin (D-W.Va.) and Kyrsten Sinema (D-Ariz.). Theirs are the two make-or-break Democratic votes in the evenly split Senate.

Sinema objected to higher rates, which brought the wealth tax into play as an alternative.

The idea gained steam after the publication of French economist Thomas Piketty’s book “Capital in the Twenty-First Century.” Sen. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.) made a 2% wealth tax a trademark policy of her 2020 presidential campaign, and fellow candidate Bernie Sanders, the independent senator from Vermont, proposed his own wealth tax.

Biden never jumped on that bandwagon. But he did make higher taxes on the wealthy a key promise, saying no one earning less than $400,000 would pay more.

Is a wealth tax constitutional?

If a wealth tax were to become law, it probably would be challenged in court.

The likely case comes from Article 1, Section 2 of the Constitution. It states that “direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers.” What does that mean? It means that revenues from “direct” taxes must reflect the population of the states, which is a problem because billionaires tend to cluster in places such as California and New York.

If that’s the case, how is it constitutional for the federal government to levy income and payroll taxes? That’s because of the 16th Amendment. It allows Congress to “lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States.” So what really matters is whether the Supreme Court would interpret a wealth tax as a direct tax on property, which would be unconstitutional, or as essentially a tax on income, which is permissible.

Are billionaires really that rich?

Seems that way.

There is a legitimate debate about the optimal forms of taxation. Is it better for the economy for the wealthy to keep their assets invested in new businesses? Or is it better for some of their money to go to the government to help pay for programs such as child care, universal pre-K and shifts to renewable energy?

What is clear is that the wealthy do have money to tax, should the government wish to do it.

America’s billionaires have seen their collected wealth surge 70% since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic to more than $5 trillion, according to an analysis by the pro-wealth-tax Americans for Tax Fairness and the Institute for Policy Studies Program on Inequality. That gain from March 18, 2020, to this past month is equal in size to Biden’s spending plans over 10 years.

“Right now, billionaires are not paying a dime in taxes on their fabulous income gains from their stock holdings during the pandemic,” said Frank Clemente, executive director of Americans for Tax Fairness. “The billionaires income tax would tax the increase in the value of those assets each year just like workers’ wages are taxed.”

There were 614 U.S. billionaires at the start of the pandemic; the total is now 745.

Part of what makes the coronavirus crisis unique is that many poorer Americans also became wealthier, but they did so at a much slower pace than billionaires.

Federal Reserve data indicate that the net worth of the bottom 90% of Americans — a group that includes the middle class — rose by roughly 22%. For many Americans, the wealth increase was a reflection of a rising stock market, higher home values and unprecedented government aid in the form of direct checks and forgivable payroll loans to small businesses.

Can billionaires escape taxation?

They’ve found ways before.

They can hire armies of lawyers, accountants and others to minimize their tax burdens. The news outlet ProPublica revealed various tax shelters compiled using IRS data earlier this year, and the recent so-called Pandora Papers showed there is a global industry to shelter the assets of the politically powerful and extremely wealthy.

The ProPublica investigation showed that, among three of the nation’s best known billionaires, Warren Buffett paid an average tax rate of 19%. Amazon founder Jeff Bezos paid 23%, while Tesla’s Elon Musk was at roughly 30%. The top tax rate on income earned from labor is 37%, but the tax on capital gains is a lower 20%, and that favors those with extreme wealth. The lower capital gains rate can also encourage more investment in new companies that help the economy grow.

A White House analysis in September indicated the country’s 400 wealthiest families paid an average federal income tax rate of 8.2% between 2010 and 2018. The administration’s fundamental message is that a rate this low is unfair because middle-class families often pay a greater share of their income in taxes.

The bottom-line question for Democratic lawmakers is how to close or at least narrow the escape hatches for those with extreme wealth. It could require calculations such as the “deferral recapture amount” and other technicalities that are likely to baffle most Americans. But the writing of the tax law and its enforcement will determine just how successful a wealth tax would be — and perhaps the fate of Biden’s big agenda as well.