Pentagon successfully tests missile defense system amid rising concerns about North Korea

Reporting from Washington —  Amid heightened concerns over the threat posed by North Korea, a much-anticipated test of the homeland missile defense system succeeded Tuesday, when a rocket launched from the Santa Barbara County coast hit and destroyed a target warhead fired into space from across the Pacific Ocean, U.S. officials said.

The rocket launch, from Vandenberg Air Force Base, 60 miles northwest of Santa Barbara, unfolded in the early afternoon under cloudy conditions. The target missile was launched from thousands of miles away, at Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands.

The director of the U.S. Missile Defense Agency, Vice Adm. James D. Syring, called the intercept “an incredible accomplishment.’’

“This system is vitally important to the defense of our homeland, and this test demonstrates that we have a capable, credible deterrent,” Syring said in a statement.

The test was conducted as North Korea’s actions have continued to raise concern with United States officials and among regional allies. Under leader Kim Jong Un, North Korea has detonated underground nuclear devices three times in the last five years and has greatly accelerated its testing of ballistic missiles.

On Monday, a North Korea test missile flew about 280 miles before landing in the Sea of Japan — the 12^th missile reportedly launched this year by the government in Pyongyang. A Japanese government official told reporters the launch was “extremely problematic in terms of safety of aircraft and ships.”

North Korea’s actions have helped to focus attention on Tuesday’s test of the U.S. Ground-based Midcourse Defense system, known as GMD, which has cost taxpayers more than $40 billion to date.

The test was the system’s first attempted intercept of a target missile in nearly three years. Syring had told Congress that the test would be the system’s first pursuit of an “ICBM-range target,” flying at speeds close to what the U.S. would confront in an actual attack. In its statement Tuesday, the missile agency called the missile fired from Kwajalein “an ICBM-class target.”

The statement said that “initial indications are that the test met its primary objective” of destroying the target, but that officials would continue to study data from the exercise to evaluate how the system performed.

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After the announced intercept, Rep. Adam Smith of Washington state, the ranking Democrat on the House Armed Services Committee, said in a statement, “It’s good that the Missile Defense Agency is finally doing” a test against an ICBM target “after an investment of more than $40 billion since 2002.”

“This is an important milestone in the program, but much work remains to be done to ensure we have a reliable and effective system,” he said.

The GMD system is intended to protect the United States from a limited nuclear strike by a non-superpower, such as North Korea. The system has 36 operational rocket interceptors — four at Vandenberg and 32 at Ft. Greely, Alaska, according to the Missile Defense Agency spokesman. The agency plans to increase the fleet to 44 by year’s end by adding interceptors at Ft. Greely.

The system has been plagued by engineering-related problems.

Since GMD was made operational in 2004, the interceptors have failed to hit and destroy target warheads in 6 of 10 flight tests. The missile agency lists one of those six, conducted in September 2006, as a success. But the Pentagon’s director of operational testing and evaluation, J. Michael Gilmore, informed Congress that his office’s analysis found that, although the interceptor made “glancing” contact with the target, it failed to destroy it.

The test failures have occurred even though the exercises were scripted for success in ways that could not be expected in battle, according to current and former military officials and other specialists.

For example, operating personnel have known when the targets would be launched, as well as their size, speed and approximate trajectory. All but one of the flight tests dating to 1999 have been conducted during daylight hours, instead of under more difficult nighttime conditions. That single nighttime test ended in failure.

Philip E. Coyle III, a former director of the Pentagon test office, cautioned against concluding that Tuesday’s outcome demonstrated GMD’s reliability. He noted that the system has succeeded in only two of its five attempted intercepts since 2010.

“In school, 40% isn’t a passing grade,” Coyle said in remarks released by the Washington-based Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, where he is a senior fellow. “The GMD program has a long way to go.”

GMD has yet to be tested against realistic decoys, which would challenge the system’s ability to discern between decoys and nuclear warheads.

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Defense officials have attributed the test failures to a variety of technical causes. In its most recent annual report, in January, the Pentagon test office rated both the reliability and day-to-day readiness of the GMD interceptors as “low” and said that testing had revealed unspecified “new failure modes.”

A year ago, the Government Accountability Office, the nonpartisan investigative arm of Congress, said that GMD’s test record had been “insufficient to demonstrate that an operationally useful defense capability exists.”

In interviews, missile specialists have pointed to the George W. Bush administration’s rushed deployment of GMD 13 years ago and the exemption of the missile agency from standard Pentagon procurement and testing requirements as fundamental errors that shortchanged engineering rigor and continue to undermine the system’s reliability.

GMD’s mission presents a profound engineering challenge, often likened to hitting one speeding bullet with another.

The system’s interceptors are 60-foot-tall, three-stage rockets, each tipped with a 5-foot, 150-pound “kill vehicle.” Once in space, the kill vehicles are designed to separate from their boost rockets and fly independently toward their targets, at speeds up to 4 miles per second. With the help of onboard navigation systems, the kill vehicles, which carry no explosives, are supposed to crash into and destroy enemy warheads using only kinetic energy.

The kill vehicles are tremendously complex machines, each composed of more than 1,000 components. Because of the rush with which they were produced and deployed, no two are identical, making it tougher to install timely updates and make necessary repairs.

The missile agency has also sought to overcome problems involving divert thrusters. These small rocket motors — four of which are attached to each kill vehicle — are supposed to fire rapidly once the kill vehicle is flying on its own in space to make crucial course corrections.

The thrusters’ rough combustion of fuel has been blamed for throwing off the kill vehicles’ sensitive guidance system. A costly redesign produced a new version, called the “alternate divert thruster.”

In January 2016, the missile agency launched an interceptor from Vandenberg to “fully flush out and fully test” the new thrusters, in Syring’s words. In that exercise, the kill vehicle was supposed to make a close flyby of a target in space.

The missile agency and its lead contractors all pronounced the test a success. But as the Los Angeles Times disclosed last July, one of the new thrusters stopped working during the test, and the kill vehicle veered far off its course. A review overseen by the missile agency found that the thruster “most likely” malfunctioned because of a glitch in the electronic circuit board that powered it.

The test conducted Tuesday — which the missile agency’s spokesman, Christopher Johnson, said would cost $244 million — marked the first time the alternative divert thrusters were used in an attempted intercept. The new thrusters were attached to a slightly revised model of kill vehicle, called a CE-2 Block 1, which also made its first flight.

Last week, the director of the U.S. Defense Intelligence Agency, Marine Lt. Gen. Vincent R. Stewart, told the Senate Armed Services Committee that North Korea “is committed to developing a long-range, nuclear-armed missile that is capable of posing a direct threat to the United States.”

North Korea has not yet tested a missile that has traveled more than a few hundred miles — well short of the distance to Hawaii, Alaska or the continental U.S. To reach Los Angeles, a missile launched from North Korea would have to fly about 5,800 miles.

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UPDATES:

5:40 p.m.: The story was updated with new details.

2:45 p.m.: The story was updated with details about the successful test.

This article was originally published at 10:45 a.m.